The Fixer Essay -- Literary Analysis, Bernard Malamud

During the advance(prenominal) 1900s, the world underwent an antisemitic coup that was treated differently throughout all(prenominal) countries. Life for Jews in Eastern Europe, during the early 1900s, was characterized by oppression, segregation, contain occupations, and extreme racism. They were not allowed to marry out side their race and people were volitioning to instal their hatred (anti-Semitism) via decals or pins such as the two-headed eagle of the Black Hundreds on Mr. Maximovitch. In his novel The Fixer, Malamud tells the story of Yakov Bok, a Jew born in Russia during the very early 1900s. Aspiring to a good future, he leaves his home for Kiev to start a new tone. While living here he must bury his cultural background, all the same though he doesnt believe in God anymore, to protect any chance of a promising future. It is when he is blamed for a murder that he struggles to find God again and begins to question his flavor choices. The major themes of the book are segregation, struggle with religion, striving for liberty, and extreme racism, which are expressed through Yakov Boks life. In The Fixer, Malamud recreates the story of Mendel Belis, a Jew who is living in Keiv and is framed for the murder of a young christian boy. The book is written in a limited third person view as it follows the life of Yakov Bok. He is a poor Jew barley getting buy on his plump who leaves his home in hope to make a newer and better life in Kiev. Yakov expresses his goal to his farther-in-law when he says All I have now in this miserable townspeople is a beggarly existence. Now, Ill try Kiev. If I can live there decently, thats what Ill do. If not, Ill make sacrifices, save up, and head to capital of The Netherlands for a sauceboat to America. To sum it up, I have little, but I h... ...cist as he doesnt allow Yakov to do anything and only keeps hurting him. He irons him to the bed, attempts to poison him, and emotionally beats him with st rip searches and starvation. In Yakovs attempt to leave his him and strive for a new, more enjoyable life, he actually make a life of pain and suffering. Yakov blames his religion for what happened with him, but the truth of him going to jail could had been a sign for him to re find his religion. His farther-in-law said his religion will help him and crimson though he had to face the racism and segregation for all life, it was his religion that brought into view his freedom dream. Malamud tried to make a fleck through Yakovs life that even through the worst treatment in the world and the possibility of death, having faith could lead you to this other door of freedom and the true life you always wanted. The Fixer Essay -- Literary Analysis, Bernard Malamud During the early 1900s, the world underwent an antisemitic coup that was treated differently throughout all countries. Life for Jews in Eastern Europe, during the early 1900s, was characterized by oppre ssion, segregation, limited occupations, and extreme racism. They were not allowed to marry out side their race and people were willing to show their hatred (anti-Semitism) via decals or pins such as the two-headed eagle of the Black Hundreds on Mr. Maximovitch. In his novel The Fixer, Malamud tells the story of Yakov Bok, a Jew born in Russia during the very early 1900s. Aspiring to a good future, he leaves his home for Kiev to start a new life. While living here he must hide his cultural background, even though he doesnt believe in God anymore, to protect any chance of a promising future. It is when he is blamed for a murder that he struggles to find God again and begins to question his life choices. The major themes of the book are segregation, struggle with religion, striving for freedom, and extreme racism, which are expressed through Yakov Boks life. In The Fixer, Malamud recreates the story of Mendel Belis, a Jew who is living in Keiv and is framed for the murder of a young christian boy. The book is written in a limited third person view as it follows the life of Yakov Bok. He is a poor Jew barley getting buy on his work who leaves his home in hope to make a newer and better life in Kiev. Yakov expresses his goal to his farther-in-law when he says All I have now in this miserable town is a beggarly existence. Now, Ill try Kiev. If I can live there decently, thats what Ill do. If not, Ill make sacrifices, save up, and head to Amsterdam for a boat to America. To sum it up, I have little, but I h... ...cist as he doesnt allow Yakov to do anything and only keeps hurting him. He chains him to the bed, attempts to poison him, and emotionally beats him with strip searches and starvation. In Yakovs attempt to leave his him and strive for a new, more enjoyable life, he actually made a life of pain and suffering. Yakov blames his religion for what happened with him, but the truth of him going to jail could had been a sign for him to re find h is religion. His farther-in-law said his religion will help him and even though he had to face the racism and segregation for all life, it was his religion that brought into view his freedom dream. Malamud tried to make a point through Yakovs life that even through the worst treatment in the world and the possibility of death, having faith could lead you to this other door of freedom and the true life you always wanted.

The Odyssey Essay -- Homer, Odyssey Essays

Q1. What atomic number 18 the characteristics of a hero in Homers poems? What attributes are valued?The Homeric epics describe a race of heroic men these men are more powerful than ordinary men, and yet, they are not quite as glorious as gods. The heroes are characterized by their strength, warfare skill, intelligence service, moral character, and favor of the gods.The Homeric heroes are strong and skillful warriors. Achilles is noted for being the greatest Greek warrior. He is get alongn as the great runner (109). He is fast, strong, and skilled with his spear. When Achilles confronts Hector, King Priam implores Hector to flee. He tells Hector that he cant face Achilles for hes excessively much (174). As Achilles closes in on Hector, he looks like the God of War himself (177). Brave Hector, the greatest of the Trojan wars, loses his nerve and flees in terror. Achilles is a live on warrior he is not afraid of anything. He charges against the Trojan army single-handedly. He rout s the Trojans, killing every Trojan in his path. When he refuses to fight due to his fray with Agamemnon, the Greeks are unable to stand without him. His very presence brings courage to the Greeks and sends fear to the Trojans.Physical strength is not the only thing that is valued. Odysseus is the hero who demonstrates the wit and intelligence can sometimes overpower brute force. Odysseus is introduced as the man of twists and turns (207). His cunning and crafty skills are mentioned numerous times in the poem. The best display of Odysseus cunningness is his externalize of escape from the Cyclops cave. Odysseus knows that he cannot merely kill the Cyclops in his sleep none of them are strong enough to roll back the Brobdingnagian stone. So, he devises a clever plan, calling himsel... ...shows himself to be the worst of the suitors, though he may be the handsomest. The other are horrified to see how Antinous treats the beggar. They know that the gods do take on the look of strange rs (414). They know that Antinous fate is sealed (414). Antinous lacks any sense of morality and hospitality which a civilized Greek should display.The Odyssey illustrates the splendour of hospitality. It shows examples of people who manifest hospitality and are blessed by it or who become instruments of blessing others. It also shows by contrast, guests who take scorn their hosts hospitality and hosts who are inhospitable to their guests. Those who manifest xenia, whether host or guest, are the civilized and moral characters. Those who violate the rules of xenia are seen as savage and ill-bred they at long last incur judgment for failing in their religious duty.

Michael Lehmans Heathers and Steve Jodrells Shame :: Films Movies Film Movie

Michael Lehmans brooms and Steve Jodrells humiliateThroughout time the concept of gender and the corruption of post associated with it has been a very evident problem within society. many a(prenominal) texts take a shit been designed to strike these issues and in particular the feature films burbots, directed by Michael Lehman and Shame, by Steve Jodrell. Both these films have been heavily constructed in order to smear us as the audience to take a very negative response towards the concepts of position and gender and further an anti-conform attitude. Techniques such as narrative elements and codes and conventions have been used to mould these intellects and attitudes within the texts. Both the films Heathers and Shame merchantman be deemed to be advanced day Westerns however argon quite subverted. They two let on the idea that conformity leads to tragic consequences. Heathers is set in an American high school, Westerburg, in 1988 and attacks the idea of a high school h ierarchy, where four girls particularly one, Heather C croakler, has the power within the school. On the arrival of a new student, Jason Dean, Veronica, one of the four girls breaks outside(a) and conforms to Jason. As a result she is led to kill Heather Chandler and later the footy jocks to make their school a better place. Shame on the other hand is set in a small outback, Western Australian country town, Ginobrak, in 1987. It deals with the issues of a small town mentality and that boys will be boys. As result of these concepts and issues, many young girls were raped and the town trustworthy this. As Asta, an outsider coming into town, stumbles across these rappings, she helps and encourages a young girl, Lizzie to face the boys and lay legitimate charges. In both texts it takes and outsider the hero figure to expose the corruption and help in acting as a catalyst to change. Gender relationships are a very explored issue within these texts. In a majority, anyone no matter if t hey are male or female who do not tick off in or do not conform to stereotypes to an extent, can be cast out by that group. Whether it is, their looks, their behaviour, the way they dress, or the way they think and feel, they are judged as different. This outcast idea is portrayed in both the films. In the two feature films, the most obvious outcasts would be the two hero figures the intruders into the created microcosm.Michael Lehmans Heathers and Steve Jodrells Shame Films Movies Film MovieMichael Lehmans Heathers and Steve Jodrells ShameThroughout time the concept of gender and the corruption of power associated with it has been a very evident problem within society. Many texts have been designed to expose these issues and in particular the feature films Heathers, directed by Michael Lehman and Shame, by Steve Jodrell. Both these films have been heavily constructed in order to position us as the audience to take a very negative response towards the concepts of power and gende r and further an anti-conform attitude. Techniques such as narrative elements and codes and conventions have been used to mould these ideas and attitudes within the texts. Both the films Heathers and Shame can be deemed to be modern day Westerns however are quite subverted. They both develop the idea that conformity leads to tragic consequences. Heathers is set in an American high school, Westerburg, in 1988 and attacks the idea of a high school hierarchy, where four girls particularly one, Heather Chandler, has the power within the school. On the arrival of a new student, Jason Dean, Veronica, one of the four girls breaks away and conforms to Jason. As a result she is led to kill Heather Chandler and later the footy jocks to make their school a better place. Shame on the other hand is set in a small outback, Western Australian country town, Ginobrak, in 1987. It deals with the issues of a small town mentality and that boys will be boys. As result of these concepts and issues, many young girls were raped and the town accepted this. As Asta, an outsider coming into town, stumbles across these rappings, she helps and encourages a young girl, Lizzie to face the boys and lay legal charges. In both texts it takes and outsider the hero figure to expose the corruption and help in acting as a catalyst to change. Gender relationships are a very explored issue within these texts. In a majority, anyone no matter if they are male or female who do not fit in or do not conform to stereotypes to an extent, can be cast out by that group. Whether it is, their looks, their behaviour, the way they dress, or the way they think and feel, they are judged as different. This outcast idea is portrayed in both the films. In the two feature films, the most obvious outcasts would be the two hero figures the intruders into the created microcosm.

Confucius :: essays research papers

ConfuciusConfucius lived from 551-479 B.C. He was a philosopher, political thinker and educator whose ideas have greatly influenced not only Chinese culture but world race civilization. Confucius lived during the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history, when east central China was divided into over a dozen small warring states. The great discommode and suffering he saw influenced his political ideas, which emphasized order, hierarchy and the rule of a benevolent sovereign. Confucius came from the State of Lu his birthplace was todays Qufu county, Shandong province. His ancestors had been aristocrats of the State of Song, but the family had keen-sighted since fallen on hard times.      Confucius was a philosopher who developed a great r constantlyence for Ji Dan (Duke of Zhou) of the Western Zhou dynasty, which reighned from the 11th c. to 771 BCE. He also seek to apply the political structures of that distant time to the State of Lu. However, the great s ocial turmoil of the Spring and Autumn period, and the sharpening struggles within the ruling class, made this impossible, and he became truly dissatisfied. In an effort to spread his political ideas, he traveled extensively to other states only to be repeatedly rebuffed. He died at the age of 73, having failed to ever suceed with his society.Scholars down the ages have always maintained that "benevolence" is the core of Confucian teaching. "Benevolence" found its expression through the performance of li, a term usually translated as rites, but which actually encompassed a great deal more not just rituals but the social and political structure, the etiquette of behavior between human beings. Confucius observed the functioning of the patriarchal, hierarchical society of his times and concluded that "virtuous rule" consisted of applying strict control over the populace.

The Affordable Care Acts Long Road to Political Reality Essay

The Patient Protection and Affordable premeditation Act is the world-class health-care neaten to pass Congress that will attempt to provide health insurance to all American citizens. It is not the first time that a health-care reform of this magnitude has been attempted. Previous attempts at health-care reform were not successful. The passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was certain only at the eleventh hour after much discussion and compromise between different factions within the government and private sector.President Clinton had argued during his 1992 presidential campaign that health-care reform was needed. At the time, 37 million Americans were without health insurance. He also pointed to the fact that the United States was the only modernized democracy that did not provide universal health-care coverage for its citizens.On September 22, 1993, President Clinton gave his kick-off speech to Congress on his proposed health-care reform. The reform incl uded a mandate for employers to provide health insurance to all employees. These insurance plans would be offered through a regulated marketplace. The proposed reform was considered a great success by Democrats in Congress and in public opinion polls.However, by trammel 1994 the proposed reform has been labeled as too large, too complex, too costly, and too much government (Pfiffner). Public opinion, which was fundamental to this legislation, had begun to shift. Although there was public consensus that the United States health-care ashes needed to be overhauled, there was no consensus on what needed to be done to fix it. The reform, ultimately, did not pass in Congress. Several factors were pointed to as causes for its failure. on with the complexity... ...ReferencesOne Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America. (n.d.). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Retrieved 9 12, 2013, from http//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr3590enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr3 590enr.pdfPfiffner, J. P. (n.d.). President Clintons Health Care Reform Proposals of 1994. Retrieved from http//www.thepresidency.org/ warehousing/documents/President_Clintons_Health_Care_Reform_Proposals.pdfUnited States Department of Labor. (n.d.). Affordable Care Act. Retrieved 9 12, 2013, from United States Department of Labor http//www.dol.gov/ebsa/healthreform/US Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Key Features of the Affordable Care Act By Year. Retrieved 9 12, 2013, from HHS.gov/HealthCare hhs.gov/healthcare/facts/timeline/timeline-text.htmlWashington Post. (2010). LandMark. New York PublicAffairs.

The Affordable Care Acts Long Road to Political Reality Essay

The Patient Protection and Affordable fretting Act is the start-off health-care make better to pass Congress that will attempt to provide health insurance to all American citizens. It is not the first time that a health-care reform of this magnitude has been attempted. Previous attempts at health-care reform were not successful. The passage of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was certain only at the eleventh hour after much discussion and compromise between different factions within the government and private sector.President Clinton had argued during his 1992 presidential campaign that health-care reform was needed. At the time, 37 million Americans were without health insurance. He also pointed to the fact that the United States was the only modernized democracy that did not provide universal health-care coverage for its citizens.On September 22, 1993, President Clinton gave his kick-off speech to Congress on his proposed health-care reform. The reform includ ed a mandate for employers to provide health insurance to all employees. These insurance plans would be offered through a regulated marketplace. The proposed reform was considered a great success by Democrats in Congress and in public opinion polls.However, by gush 1994 the proposed reform has been labeled as too large, too complex, too costly, and too much government (Pfiffner). Public opinion, which was fundamental to this legislation, had begun to shift. Although there was public consensus that the United States health-care brass needed to be overhauled, there was no consensus on what needed to be done to fix it. The reform, ultimately, did not pass in Congress. Several factors were pointed to as causes for its failure. along with the complexity... ...ReferencesOne Hundred Eleventh Congress of the United States of America. (n.d.). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Retrieved 9 12, 2013, from http//www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr3590enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr3590 enr.pdfPfiffner, J. P. (n.d.). President Clintons Health Care Reform Proposals of 1994. Retrieved from http//www.thepresidency.org/ retention/documents/President_Clintons_Health_Care_Reform_Proposals.pdfUnited States Department of Labor. (n.d.). Affordable Care Act. Retrieved 9 12, 2013, from United States Department of Labor http//www.dol.gov/ebsa/healthreform/US Department of Health & Human Services. (n.d.). Key Features of the Affordable Care Act By Year. Retrieved 9 12, 2013, from HHS.gov/HealthCare hhs.gov/healthcare/facts/timeline/timeline-text.htmlWashington Post. (2010). LandMark. New York PublicAffairs.

Ambulatory Care and the Mental Health Services

Adults with serious mental illness and children who hold serious delirious problems ar theatrical role of the mission for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administrations focalize for Mental Health Services (CMHS). SAMHSA (substance nuisance and mental health services administrations center for mental health services, according to their principles set ups a national leadership forum that improves quality and approachability of treatment for the mentally ill, especially adults with serious illness and children with emotional disturbances. They promote managed care ashess in order to carry this out. This paper will compare the principles of this system with those of the IOM. SAMHSA promotes two major principles in care and those include quality of care and consumer participation and rights.In quality of care is included the need to treat all patients with regard as and dignity, basing all decisions and treatments on best practice, developing delivery and data co llection systems, ensuring that services are tailored to individual needs, established verification processes for credentials, providing a fashion for providers to resolve disputes, ensure a continuum of care, ensure a wrap around for children, and incorporate targeted prevention activities. Further, they have a set of principles which involve consumer rights and protection.Plan members should be problematic in discerning care, respect should be shown for choice of service, necessary legal and ethical rights, education for all consumers, families, and supporting consumer rights, and ensuring confidentiality. Comparison with IOM In comparing this to the appurtenant beliefs of the IOM, the primary goals are quality of care and improvement if not doing away with the inequities of care in this country as well as the ideal of unlined service. These are very important factors in moving care from the treatment of illness to the prevention of illness.Allowing for a continuum of care as well as a stable base of care is important as well as the need to be able to have testing done that might provide prevention for diseases such as colon cancer. Mental health and community care is also strong in the quality principles that they have applied (IOM. edu). In fact many of the principles of the two areas are well matched. It appears that some of these principles will be seen in the new healthcare also, as it includes prevention as part of the mandatory insurance rules.For example, many people were unable to have a colonoscopy because of the cost or the copay that will not longer be so as preventative has no cost or copay if you have insurance. Treating Veterans with PTSD The new IOM as well as the SAMHSAC have principles that dictate treatment based on need, respect, and dignity. The new principles in both cases address serious mental illness which would certainly include PTSD. Veterans with mental illness are presently one of the distinction groups and these groups are the ones that the IOM is attempting to bring to attention at this time.This can only help this group of people. Conclusion The mental health issues in this country, among other very unvoiced health issues have been on the back burner for some time. With the advent of the new health program and support by these two agencies, at that place is hope that there will be improvement in this care. SLP Articles The articles chosen were Prevention best Medicine and Health Centers to get 250 million in grants. These two articles seemed to be collaborative articles in solving the same issues.Prevention best medicine by Emily Bregel (2010), states that there has been a history of delay in preventative care in the US. This is caused because of the put down of the tests, not covered by insurance or those that have costly co-pay. Under the new healthcare reform law, health insurance plans that begin on or after Sept. 23 must cover recommended preventive services and cannot charge patients co-pay ments or deductibles. This causes a shift in the type of care that is minded(p) from coverage for illness to coverage for prevention of illness.Many of the larger insurance companies were interviewed and it was felt by most that this would not be a large difference in cost for them as it will decrease costs in the end. This whole change will be better quality care for the patient. Health Center to get $250 million in grants by Fears (2010) reviews the newer grants that are unattached for building community clinics in an effort to boost service. Of course, health centers across the country are lining up to get a piece of this money.Many of which got quite a large grant last time it was get rid ofered and because of growth need granted money again. The funding is available under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and is meant to establish medical homes for patients that at this time do not have them. These health centers have been the safety net for the uninsured to pro vide comprehensive medical care as well as pharmacy, mental health, substance handle treatment, and dental care. This is a part of the continuum of care as well as a place to use the new prevention funds to stave off chronic illness.References Bregel, E. (2010). Prevention best medicine. Health. Fears D. (2010). Health Centers to get $250 million in grants to build clinics, boost services. Washington Post. Principles for Systems of Managed Care. National Mental Health Information Center, (2010) available at http//mentalhealth. samhsa. gov/ NLM Gateway. (2005). The evidence and recommendations of IOM report for achieving the 6 aims of quality in rural America. Academy Health22 (3876)

Capstone Project Essay

apple has been cognise to be an inherently personal computer comp both. However, it is withal vigorous known that thither is no better warning of innovative strategic thinking and execution. apples dodging has remained to creating and sustaining value for customers across the world. Jobs returned to apple in 1997 and the company never looked back since. However, it is also said that orchard apple tree lost the pc business because of ignoring the trends in pc indus accentuate. apples business schema is primarily based on innovation for creating differentiated products. It has built products that atomic subjugate 18 cool to use as headspring as simple and intuitive. Its products be silk hat known for the amazing experience they provide. However, orchard apple tree kept taking calculated risks and entered new food markets boldly. It was visible in the release of innovative products like iPod, iPhone etc. inherently it is a pc company and uses its competencies in ontogen y hardw ar and software for developing effective, efficient and innovative products. In fact, its iPad, iPod, iPhone and Mac are either computers. (Harris, 2010) apples success is mainly the result of innovative technology and object innovation.In this modal value we can see that orchard apple tree has enjoyed continued success in the market through innovation and matchless design. Apples vision is also based on continuous innovation which is visible in the products it makes. Its bearing is also to be the leader in the digital revolution by making revolutionary products. We know that Apple is the market leader in name of well-nigh innovative electronic products and the customers choice also. The business environment for Apple Company is highly competitive both domestically and ball-shapedly. (Harris, 2010) However, its products qualify as spherical products and are preferred by customers all around the globe. In fact it is through innovation that the company has remained a global leader in harm of technology. Its iPhone tookthe world by storm in 2007. Apple has strong capabilities in product design and engineering as well. In fact the pert holler boom was sparked by Apple through its release of iPhone in 2007. Initially, the market was shaped by the customers in US and other developed markets. However, the sireth for overbold phone market is now coming from the Asian and developing countries mainly.However, if anyone is challenging its position then it is Samsung which has emerged as a competitor for Apple. Till a a couple of(prenominal) years ago, Samsung was fitting trying to catch up in the smart-phone market. Now, a ploughshare from being the worlds largest technology company by revenue, Samsung has set Apple on its back foot. It is now trying to overtake Apple. Samsungs galaxy series became the customers preference soon after entering the market. In fact Samsung is considered to be the best when it comes to learning from its competitors. B ut they also remain customer centered at the selfsame(prenominal) time. In fact Samsung keenly observes what its competitors are bringing to the market. It keeps a watch over the recent trends and does not take much time to release its own version of the innovation. (Nisen, 2013) Apple also has a huge cash pile, but when it comes to taking risks and putting the money behind it, Samsung appears to be far in the lead of Apple. aside from that Samsung also spends a larger part of its revenue on research as compared to Apple. It spends 5.7% of its revenue on research as compared to Apples 2.4.Actually, Samsung is a diverse business that is made of chips, displays and a variety of other technology. Its main benefit to Samsung comes in the form of the ability to compete on scathe and offering features which others cannot. However, it is of import to note that Samsung is more than just a smart-phone maker. It is a conglomerate, a manufacture as well as the worlds largest chip maker. Th ese factors play in Samsungs favor. Many of the components of the smart phones are made by Samsung itself which gives it a cost favour. (Nisen, 2013) When we compare Samsung with Apple we can see that Apple relies on external partners, which sometimes also leads to difficulties and delays. though Apple has a well-managed and futuristic supply chain, yet it does not have the cost advantage like Samsung. One definitive factor regarding Samsung is that it has provided many another(prenominal) visit end options for the developing world. In case Samsung continues to bring game changing products to the market like its Galaxy series, it can move from a close turn to being the market leader.Samsungs advert expenditureis also quite high which has really paid it as well. Samsung has been successful domestically as well as globally. Its most products especially the galaxy series has taken the markets in the developing world by storm. (Nisen, 2013) Apple is considered to be the market lea der in the computer software and hardware industry. The main reason behind its growth and success over years are the innovative products it has brought to the market. One of the most important volumes of Apple is its incredible brand loyalty. It has a very high number of brand loyal customers. These customers will even line up to begin with Apple stores at night in freezing cold to be the first to lay their hands on a new released iPhone, iPad or Mac. Strong monetary strength is also a major strength off Apple. Apart from these things Apple is also known for its strong brand reputation and strong advertising and marketing teams and its retail stores. We already know of Apple as the leading innovator in the mobile device technology. However, apart from the above mentioned strengths there are some weaknesses also.As analysts have mentioned without Steve Jobs in leadership, the pace of innovation at Apple has slowed down a bit. Recently it also faced problems from its main provider and producer Foxconn which led to unwanted difficulties and delays. So, its reliance on external suppliers gets to be one of its primary weaknesses. Apart from that Apple operates in a highly competitive industry and the competition sometimes affects its margins also. Its profits are also affected due to similar but low priced offerings from its competitors. Another important weakness which broadly speaking goes in the favor of its competitors is that its products are generally high priced. This all has also led to a decline in the market share of the company. However, despite all the above mentioned weaknesses it can certainly not be denied that Apple is a customer focused, futuristic and innovative company and it is certainly due to its focus on design and innovation that the company has a vast array of opportunities open before it.Its main opportunity lies in the growth of smart-phone and tablet market. Increased lead for iPhones and iPad also brought new opportunities for App le. With iPad mini the company has also set its foot in the small tablet market. Despite the innovations it has brought till now to the market, the company has until now crucial room left to innovate further. In fact its opportunities lie in continuous innovation. Release of the TV is also beingseen as a great opportunity for Apple to amaze its customers which it does like no one else. However, it is not easy to be and remain the market leader and it holds true regarding Apple also. Apart from that its reliance on external suppliers has also proved a threat for it. Competitors like Samsung have the cost advantage since they produce their parts themselves. This is a major threat for Apple which it cannot afford to neglect. The company is increasingly threatened by the price pressure from Samsung over key components.Samsungs main strength lies in its diversified product portfolio. In fact the company has a really large product portfolio which includes mobile phones, tablets, TV, cam era, pc, printers and many more items. In most of these product categories Samsung itself holds a significant market share. It is today the number twain in damage of market share in the cell phone industry. non just this Samsung was able to catch Nokias market share by superior innovation in smart phones. Apart from that Samsung has also remained ahead systematically in terms of design and innovation. A very important strength of Samsung is that it has been able to take advantage of the markets of growing economies. In fact it has been able to gain a large market share in the growing economies because of its low end products. Another key strength of Samsung is that most of its products can easily be integrated with versatile softwares. It is not so with Apple and its devices are generally not compatible with different operating systems.Apart from being known for its innovation and design, Samsung is well known for its relatively cheap products. Added to all this is Samsungs glo bal brand recognition. But apart from its strengths Samsung has some weaknesses also. Firstly, it is not as ahead in terms of software and hardware as Apple. It does not have either its specific operating system or software. It is a very important advantage for Apple and to become the number one in the industry Samsung would need to beat Apple. Apart from it, Samsung is focused on making too many products and its profit margins are also very low. Its competitors like Apple are the largest buyers for its electronic equipments also. Still there is a large pool of opportunities manufacture open before Samsung which is mainly due to increased demand for smart phones in the developing economies.Its galaxy series has been a great hit globally. Apart from that demand for quality products from Samsung has also risen greatly. The expansion of tablet market has also brought newopportunities for Samsung and the company has also obtained large benefits from it. The main threat before Samsung i s the fall in the prices of smart phones. Samsung faces increased threats from Apple because of its innovative technology and design also. Apples release of ITV is also being seen as a threat for Samsung. Technological change is happening rapidly and Samsung will also need to innovate consistently to remain at the position it is. Price wars as well as decreased margins also bring additional threats for Samsung. Generally companies have to line up their business strategies and products to different cultures when they are trying to sell to various countries with different cultures.This is referred to as globalization. However, this thing does not become very important for companies like Apple which sell nothing but innovation. English is a global language and Apples designs are generally simple and easy to use. As such Apple does not face great difficulties trying to adapt to various cultures and its strategy roughly remains the same across cultures. As we can see that cultural diffe rences do matter in business. Yet, Apple sells the same iPad in Tokyo as it does in Toronto. (Jacobs, 2010) Instead of competing on localization, Apples competes on the pace of innovation across cultures and countries. It is due to its pace of innovation that today it is a global brand. However, the case is different for Samsung, which is said to design globally but adapt locally for success.Every day it ships millions of products to customers around the world. Samsung believes that it is important t to clear the local culture to meet the local needs. It is necessary to understand the local culture to understand the customers preferences. One important example of its globalization strategy is its establishing of life-style research labs in various countries including UK and India as well as Singapore and China. (Samsung, 2013) Apple has some distinct organizational competencies which differentiate it from others. Its competencies include its business model, incarnate culture focu s on customer as well as control of the entire ecosystem. Why Apple is generally able to generate piles of buzz is because of its fastidious attention to design like its founder Steve Jobs. Most importantly it is the ability and practice of putting user experience first that keeps Apple ahead of others. Apple is known for being customer focused and it reflects in the success of its products.Apple is known for its design and ease of use. Its iPhone isin fact a great example of the same. Apart from innovation and technology there is one other core competency that is the key knife thrustr behind Samsungs success. Samsung believes in building an organizational culture of learning and development. Samsung has also established a work culture that promotes learning and development for its employees. The company has also established a Creative Development Research Institute System to provide its employees with the opportunity to pursue creative ideas. This initiative is aimed at encouragi ng the employees to develop creative ideas and be more entrepreneurial. Samsung has a highly diversified product portfolio and it is also in more places than Apple. But it sometimes also results in diverted focus. If possible Samsung should try to limit it so that it can focus on specifically important products. Apart from that Samsung would need to invest much more in innovation and design to pull customers off iPhones. It will also need to go beyond marketing and just bigger screens.Samsung has been concentrating on offering cheap products for the markets in developing countries. Yet it remains to do more on innovation as the technological market keeps changing rapidly. Samsung will need to specifically concentrate on design and better technological innovation. Apple has been winning due to its focus on innovation and design. However, it is not having a very significant advantage which is of producing the components for its iPhones. It is also relying on external suppliers and it leads to difficulties and delays. Apple should especially concentrate on its suppliers. In this backward integration can be highly helpful for Apple. In this way it will be able to have better control over its suppliers which will minimize delays and other difficulties. Apart from that it will also provide Apple with significant cost advantage.Apple has in fact used forward vertical integration to reach closer to its customers. It has opened Apple stores in manifold countries around the world. Apple is thinking of opening newer Apples stores in the markets it has tapped newly. In fact it does not just bring Apple closer to its customers but is also an example of effective incorporate level strategy. The popularity and demand of Apples products is high. As a result Apple is trying to reach a larger number of customers through its own stores, since scalpers jack up the prices. However, the strategy that worked in the favor of Apple was that of diversification. Apple diversified itse lf from computers to consumer digital lifestyle andentered the mobile phone market also. Since then it also brought a vast range of game changing products to the market which became highly successful. In case of Samsung the backward vertical integration strategy has worked. Many of the components that go into the smart-phones are made by Samsung itself and the company also gains significant cost advantage due to it. Apart from that this strategy also benefits it by allowing it higher flexibility in terms of what and when it produces.In fact Samsungs business model is based to a great extent on this competency. The corporate governance structure of Apple is designed keeping in mind effective decision making as well as appropriate supervise of compliance and performance. The board of directors at Apple oversees the CEO and the senior focal point. This monitoring is done in order to ensure ethical and operation of Apple Inc. In fact it is an efficient method to monitor that the top management is working(a) ethically and properly. Apart from that this method also ensures that there are no frauds or manipulations as well as prevents any problem at the corporate level. Apart from that the board also conducts a self-evaluation to find if the board and its committees are working properly. The compensation committee does an annual review of the executive performance including the CEO. This review is also evaluated by the board to ensure the CEO is providing effective leadership to the company.The board of directors at Samsung is composed of seven members of which four are external directors. This ensures the independence and transparency of the boards decisions. The board of directors also meets regularly to discuss management issues and other important things. The directors are not allowed to engage in business activities in the same industry without approval from the board. It has been done especially to minimize any risk of conflict of interest or unethical beha vior. Samsung is a company considered to be over hierarchical and also to be dominated by its foundation family. There has been significant criticism of its governance structure. Firstly, the company should stop its owner centered managing system since due to it the company cannot remain independent of its chairman. The rights of minority shareholders as well as economic justice get eroded in this system. Samsung will need to change this structure. (Kim, 2012) The company should follow a structure where there is more transparency related to ownership.Apart from that to improve its profitability and sustain its position, Samsung will need to invest more andmove further in terms of innovation. It will also need to move its focus from products to customers. In case of Apple, it will need to adopt its business strategy to obtain cost advantage like Samsung. One major drawback of Apple is that its products are very costly generally. In this regard Apple should go for backward integratio n to obtain significant cost advantage. Apart from that the company should continue to focus on innovation and design to remain competitive. Apple has been using forward vertical integration successfully but it also needs to use backward integration for further success and managing costs. Pressure from competitors like Samsung is rising and company will need to be focused on managing the price issue to beat the competition. The smart phone market is currently driven by two factors.These include large screens as well as cheap products. However, Apple currently provides none of these. Despite not being the most attractive segment cheap devices still drive the sales volume. A number of second tier Asian brands have also started eating into Apples market share. The fight between Apple and Samsung is going to be really hard. Apart from it both companies will also have to fight hard for their respective positions in the market against the emerging challengers. Apples target continues to r emain the high end market. It has still held itself from releasing a low cost product since it may eat into its profitability. Currently, Apple and Samsung are the only vendors who have their market shares in double digits.Yet, their combined market share fell in 2013 which denotes that the road ahead is going to be tough. Still, the two are the most dominant players in the global smart phone market. In fact the decline was largely due to inability of Apple to grow according to the broader smart phone market. However, it is still the market leader. (Osawa & Grundberg, 2014)But on the other side it cannot be denied that Samsung has been inching closer through its strategy of innovation and price competition. In fact if Samsung is able to manage its winning spree as it did in case of Galaxy smart phones, it will grow at fast-breaking pace than Apple. Apple would have to pay attention to certain other things also apart from differentiation through design and innovation to retain its l eadership position. Still, taken together these companies seem to be dominating the smart phone market and will continue to for the coming years.ReferencesNisen, M. (2013). Samsung Has A Totally Different dodge From Apple, And Its Working Great. In Business Insider. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http//www.businessinsider.in/Samsung-Has-A-Totally-Different-Strategy-From-Apple And-Its-Working-Great/articleshow/21250813.cmsJacobs, E. (2010). Navigating cultural differences. In Financial Times. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http//www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f3e2f464-937e-11df-bb9a 00144feab49a.htmlaxzz2w9RbDZqJSamsung Designs Globally and Adapts Locally for Worldwide victor (2013). In Samsung. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http//global.samsungtomorrow.com/?p=28148 Osawa, J., & Grundberg, S. (2014). Apples Smartphone Market Share Drops as Samsungs Edges Up. In Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 16, 2014, from http//blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/01/28/apples-smartphone-market-share-dr ops-as-samsungs-edges-up/ Harris, M. (2010). New harvesting Marketscreate and dominate them Apple style In Harconllc. Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http//harconllc.com/wordpress/wp- content/uploads/2013/04/DominateMarketsAppleStyle.pdfKim, L. (2012). Samsungs family battles over corporate governance, will it be a risk? In Quamnet. Retrieved September 6, 2014, fromhttp//www.quamnet.com/newscolumnistcontent.action?articleId=2323716&request_loc le=EN_US

Christian Worldview Essay

There is a universal domineering fairness that can be known God is the Ultimate legitimateity. Life has meaning and purpose expiry is not the end. History is purposeful and illustrates the movement toward the fillment of Gods plan for His creation. gracious beings are created in the image of God physical and ghostly beings who can know and relate to God. Everything that exists is a creation of Gods intelligent design. The Importance of outpouringing a Worldview Samples (2007) states, A persons worldview is the prism with which one makes sense of liveliness and death.Therefore it is critical to hit a view that is genuinely clear and distinct (p. 27). My worldview provides the basis for all of my decisions, thoughts, and actions. For this reason, I want to make sure that the prism I am using has no cracks or inconsistencies in it that will distort my vision. By applying three study tests, I will be able to determine the validity of my worldview and deepen my credit fi nished truth. Three Major Tests According to Cosgrove (2006), the following questions should be asked Test of EvidenceIs your worldview in agreement with scientific and experiential observations? Does the worldview fit the world? (p. 66). Test of Logical Consistency Does all belief in the worldview agree with every other belief in that worldview? (p. 67). Test of existential Repugnance Is it possible to live the worldview in the world can it be lived in real life? (p. 68). Results Test of Evidence Human biochemical design is completely different than any other species on Earth.Human Human mind is complex and dependent of thought and reasoning.beings find personality and character and the only species on Earth with linguistic abilities. Human beings are instilled with an intrinsic desire for truth, morality, purpose, and destiny. Human All beings cook free will and the ability to choose. organisms are designed with a tendency toward selfpreservation. Everything in existence (mankind, animals, spirit, the Universe) has intentional design, purpose, and order. Results Test of Logical Consistency Human beings have self-awareness, language, creativity, and the ability to communicate.Each human has a basic personality make-up of mind, will, feelings, emotions, and personal identity. Everything that has been created can be investigated and known because it is rational, ordered, and predictable. There There are absolute moral laws reflecting the character and nature of God. is unity of spiritual and physical worlds a reality beyond the material world (the substance of which is beyond the comprehension of mankind). . Human beings are spiritually motivated and have an inherent need to believe in something greater than themselves.Creation reveals Gods character and nature. Results Test of Existential Repugnance History proves deterioration of societal morals, values, and behavior when God is removed from the cultural equation. Fulfillment is experienced when ac tions and behavior reflect Gods nature and character. Evidence provided within the church by those who share likeminded worldviews that the worldview can be lived out in real life. Above all, I live my worldview in real life daily and experience spiritual growth, diminished self-centeredness, and expanding trust in Him on a continual basis.Reaction to the Results For the first time in my life, I was able to see in black and white just how much God has done for me and the depth of healing that has occurred within my mind and soul. I have experienced a worldview without God. It is a life devoid of hope, trust, and love. I realized that I still have so much to learn, but I am convinced I am on the right track and living as I was created to live. My worldview will continue to develop through experiences that bring to a greater extent clarity of His character through faith and learning. Recent World Events Effect of World Events on WorldviewRecent world events have served to solidify my worldview and confirm the truth of Gods word in the Bible. Genesis 37-19 documents how we have come to live in a fallen world (NKJV). As a result, the world has to contend with sickness, sorrow, evil and death. As I see world events occur, I know that I am seeing through my own eyeball the truth being revealed before me. We live in a broken world. Whether natural disasters or manmade tragedies, I know that God can see what I cant see. Through my own experiences, I have come to know with all my heart that I can trust that God is in control.Because of this, I have no need to fear the world events that occur, but instead recognize that it is all part of His plan to redeem His people and fulfill the purpose He has for His creation. Because of this, I need not fear what is happening, but use it as the opportunity to show the love of Jesus Christ through compassion and willingness to help. Ways Recent Events Have Changed Worldview The real test for my worldview comes in putting my belief s into action. It is one thing to say, but quite another to go the scanty mile and do. Recent world events have caused me to look inside and muster up the courage to act on what I believe.Amazingly, I have spy that each time I do reach out and become involved, my love for God and others deepens, the truth of His word becomes more obvious, and my awareness of who He is expands through practical application. Conclusion The presuppositions making up my worldview can never be proven or demonstrated beyond a shadow of a doubt. confidence is essential, for by faith, I am entrusting myself to God. As I entrust myself to God I receive certainty, connection, and the ground for my existence. It is this entrusting that I meet God in myself and in creation, even as God meets me.Through faith, I am graciously renewed. I experience connection with self, others, creation, and God, who is the healing power and sustaining ground of my life. This commitment to faith integrates and guides my daily experience. In the Final Analysis My worldview is as individual as I am. Shaped by experience, my worldview has evolved to what it is today. I have discovered Gods Truth because my life is evidence of the truth. I tried every technique, medication, and therapy known to man trying to change my life the results were nil until I became saved. God score changes within me that have transformed my being.Only God had the capability to heal my soul-sickness and fill the empty void within me that I had felt my entire life. I may not have all of the answers, but one thing I do have is unshakable faith and belief born on the evidence I have seen (and lived). A Parting Thought As clearly illustrated in his admonishment to the believers in Colossae, the Apostle Paul understood the importance of scrutiny ones worldview See to it that no one takes you captive through philosophy and empty deception, gibe to the tradition of men, according to the elementary principles of the world, rather than a ccording to Christ. (Colossians 28, NKJV). Just as it was important then, this reproach should be heeded today. References Cosgrove, M. (2006). Foundations of Christian thought Faith, learning and the Christian worldview. Grand Rapids Kregel Publications. Samples, K. (2007). A world of difference move Christian truth-claims to the worldview test. Dartmouth Baker Books.

Marriage boundaries Essay

Important boundary principles helps jibes build a strong coupling for the goodness of the family with appear compromising on their freedom, truth or integrity. Marriage boundaries whitethorn each be physical or emotional depending on how they atomic number 18 drafted by the two individuals. The physical boundaries entail the protection of the trades union from intruders (parents, in-laws, other people, external ain business or even children to some extent) who might disrupt the normal activities within the marriage.Emotional boundaries are complex to define and are usually confined to personal feelings, sexual satisfaction and how to deal with issues that may affect the family. In any perspective, marriage boundaries help to ensure that ea thriving family is achieved. There is other various marriage boundaries which dictate the extent to which the couple in the marriage are suppose to meet. These boundaries might range from sexual, family or societal relations which explain t hat married couples should hang on as faithful as possible to each other.Unfaithfulness is believed to be the main contributor to marriage breakups and high divorce rates currently creation experienced. Marriage identity Marriage identity is the legal aspect of the union between the two couples. Married people identify themselves as one and are related through love. Partners usually identify themselves as a family when children come to the scene . People marry either in a religious, social or judicial system and are awarded a marriage certificate. This is the legal identity in a marriage setting that identifies two people-husband and wife.Some societies also drop children as an identity of their marriage and the family at large. These groups of people name their children after their parents. This will ensure that there is continuity of the family values and history for the generations to come Alliances Alliances in a marriage are very common these days due to increase collaborati on of couples through religious, educational or geographical groupings. These alliances are apprise be good or bad for the family. Alliances fanny also be through corporations with the grandparents, extended family members and the community in general.Depending on the type of alliance authentic in the marriage, good values or norms may be possible to be obtained. Some people in the alliance might use it as a weapon to kill the morale of the other couple assuming that couples form alliances with one another (group marriage). There is always the issue of mistrust and bedcover of propaganda among people in an alliance and the consequences are usually dire to the existence of a marriage Spouse differences Differences between the spouses may lead to family breakups .Spouse differences may come as a result of financial misappropriations or lack of it. In many societies, the spouses are taught to remain together as a couple despite the challenges that might be faced. Other wide and comp licated factors have recently contributed to the emergence of spouse differences especially if they are not sorted out during courtship. Family differences and cultural disparities are the most common ones. It is also possible that the each partner in the marriage could associate himself or herself with a specific policy-making group which may not be meaningful to the other partner.Such simple issues may result in huge misunderstandings in the marriage and by default the family at large. Many and to a greater extent parents are increasingly incorporation their married children to their own settings so that they may be taught how to handle each other. Although this may be considered interference from the parents and the fact that those marrying are already grownups and potful take care of them, it is important for the development of the family marriage Marriage economic science Marriage economics is an issue that may in one way or another affect the family.Most cultures, historica lly chafes sure that the family of the husband pays component part to the family of the wife. Dowry is considered a token or gift for the wifes family in order to allow the parents of the lady to have a compensation. Other cultures require that the family of the bride pays dowry to the family of the man marrying their daughter. But in both cases, the family of the groom and the family of the bride do the financial transactions without involving the bride. Recently issues of financial management between a husband and a wife have become a subject of discussion.People argue that the couple should have a joint account in order to make any financial decisions together. Excessive perfectionism Any marriage ensures that the families resulting from it benefit squarely. Children are the fruits of the marriage and with that, the couple may want the children to live happily in rising by investing in their good upbringing, education, behaviors, financial investments etc. In that process, the re is a temptation of the parents to be over protective. Each of the partners would want to run into their part in the child protection, upbringing and other roles of within the marital boundaries.Studies have shown that irresponsible children will most likely become irresponsible parents in future Marriage roles Marriage roles are dependent on the kind family it is considered. In a polygamous family, the father is the sole provider of the whole family and gets plump for from the wives. But in a monogamous marriage, the husband and wife share most of the roles. The husband in a traditional society is given more roles security, provision of basic needs, building the houses among others. The wife on the other hand sires the children, prepare food and ensure that all household work is perfectly done.With increased levels of education, modernization and equality activists, things are changing and the roles of each member of the family is becoming insignificant. Marriage rules Dependin g on the two married partners, rules may differ from one marriage setting to the other. A marriage counselor once said that the Dutch soccer principle applies in marriage. This principle means that any player can attack when an opportunity strikes and any player can defend when there is need to. The same applies in married where the husband or the wife can do the attacking and defending when necessary.Marriage rules are defined religiously, socially or legally through set policies by the government. Religious groups believe that the discussion outlines how a husband and a wife must live together in harmony. One of the ten commandments of the bible clearly describes how one shall not covet his or her neighbors wife or practice any form of adultery, it is considered to be sin. Individuals also set their own marriage rules when they are blood their married life i. e. to be faithful, committed, loving and considerate to each other.

Competitive advantage of IKEA Essay

INTRODUCTIONIn this modern hyper agonistical marketplace, a society must be a powerful competitor to survive. A companionship must possess a powerful strategy in order to become a powerful competitor. But what makes a good strategy for the company?A good business strategy would be that to attain a competitive benefit over other competitors. So what is a competitive benefit? And how company can be able to have a competitive service over other competitors? This essay would now discuss what a competitive utility is and how a company can build a competitive advantage over other competitors in the same intentness by victimization two furnishing stores, Ikea and Courts as examples.COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGEDefinitionA company is said have competitive advantage over its competitors when the company earns profits that atomic number 18 above the normal average in the industry where it competes.Types of competitive advantagesAccording to Michael Porter, there be two basic types of competi tive advantage, namelyCost Advantage- A hail advantage is the ability of the inviolable to deliver the same product or services at low-toneder exist than competitors. This can be achieved by means of using economies of scale, production efficiencies, low labor cost or better access to raw material and etc.Differentiation advantage- A differentiation advantage is the ability of the trustworthy to deliver products or services that are different from the product mix of competitors. Due to the added costs in achieving differentiation for theproduct or services, differentiated products or services are often marketed at premium charges.Model of Competitive AdvantageSource www.quickmba.comCompetitive advantage derives out of treasure a firm is able to create for its buyers that exceeds the firms cost of creating it. Value is what buyers are resulting to pay, and superior evaluate stems from offering lower prices than competitors for uniform benefits or providing unique benefits that reduce the price sensitivity of the buyer. Value can be achieved though utilizing the firm resources and capabilities that would then become heart competencies of the particular firm. The sum total competencies created will allow the firm to position either as a cost leader or differentiation leader in the industry and this will in turn create comfort for the buyers which will become the firm competitive advantage in the industry.Resources and capabilitiesA firm needs to possess resources and capabilities that are better than its competitors in order to develop a competitive advantage over them. Any competitive advantage will disappear if the competitors can slow imitate what the firm was doing.Resources are assets of the company that its competitors cannot easily acquire. Some examples of a firm resource include the firms reputation, loyal customer base, transparent and trademarks and tender branding.Capabilities refer to the ability of the firm to make the most of its r esources. One good example of the capabilities of a firm is the ability to carry out a successful marketing campaign.The combination of both capabilities and resource will become the distinctive competencies of the firm. The competencies will allow the firm to achieveinnovation, efficiency, quality and customer responsiveness. The core competencies created will allowed the firm to position either as a cost leader or differentiation leader in the industryCost advantage and differentiation advantageA firm will position itself as a cost leader or differentiation leader in the industry based on the distinctive competencies formed using its resources and capabilities which become the firm competitive advantage against other competitors.Value creationValue is created by firm through performing a series of value creating activities that Porter identified as the value ambit. The value drawing string comprises 4 supporting activities (procurement, technology development, tender resource a nd firm infrastructure) and 5 primary activities (inbound logistics, operation, outbound logistics, marketing as well as sales and service). On top of the firm own value creating activities, the firm operates in a value system of vertical activities including those of upstream suppliers and downstream channel members. In order to achieve competitive advantage, a firm must perform one or more value-creating activity that is more superior compared to other competitors. Superior value is created through lower costs or superior benefits to the buyers.IKEAProfileIkea, the Swedish furniture giant was founded in 1943. It is the worlds largest furniture retailer that sells stylish but inexpensive Scandinavian intentional furniture. It has outlets in 35 countries, including Singapore. The company is, perhaps, one of the Worlds most successful multinational retailing firms operating as a global arranging based on its unique concept that the furniture is sold in knock down form that are to b eassembled by the customer at office.Ikea mission statementIkeas mission is to offer a wide range of home furnishing items of good design and function, excellent quality and durability, at prices so low that as many people as possible can afford to buy them (www.ikea.com)Ikea competitive advantageIkeas success in the retail furniture industry can be attributed to its vast experience in the retail market and its ability to integrate both product differentiation and cost leadership strategies successfully.As pointed out in Ikeas mission statement, the company is in business to produce high quality products at a low cost. This would support a cost leadership strategy. However, the company is also applying differentiation strategy due to its unique way of incorporating the customer in the value chain and unique marketing strategiesCost advantageIkea cost leadership strategy allowed it to have a competitive edge over other competitors in terminal of pricing. Ikea achieved this through nettled cost control and production efficiencies.Under Ikeas global strategy, suppliers are usually located in low-cost nations, with close propinquity to raw material and reliable access to distribution channels. These suppliers produce highly standardized products intended for the global market, including Ikea. This allows Ikea to take advantage of economies of scale.Ikea also practice tight cost control in order to keeps its product price low and affordable. Some key cost control measures undertaken by Ikea includes* Locating their outlet alfresco the city stadium on places where the lease or the cost of the land is cheaper* Flat packaging of its product allows Ikea to transport its goods from suppliers to its outlet at low cost as it efficiently maximizes the space during transportation. Flat packaging also means lower warehousing costs for them.* No waste policy when Ikea develops product. For example, the remnants of fabrics that are left over(predicate) over the heart sh aped FAMNIG cushion, one of Ikea product, are used to make smaller FAMNIG cushion. Door manufacturer are used by Ikea to make their table-top with the leftover raw material thus reducing production cost.In addition to tight cost control and production efficiencies, Ikea also incorporate customer into the value chain climb up as a mean of reducing costs. Customers are to use the information on the product price tag to collect from the racks in the store self-service area, transport the items themselves back home and to assemble by themselves. The costs saved are passed back to the consumer in term of charging lower price for their product rather then including the labor costs and delivery costs into the selling price, a usual practice of other furniture stores.Differentiation advantageIkea had also successfully integrated its cost leadership strategy with differentiation strategy that allowed it to further distinguish itself from other furniture stores and develop a strong branding for the firm.Ikea differentiate itself from other competitors by performing the following* As mentioned earlier in page 6, Ikea incorporate customer into the value chain approach to reduce cost. Customers are to use the information on the product price tag to collect from the racks in the store self-service area, transport the items themselves back home and to do assembling of thefurniture. Ikea is the only furniture store that adopts this practice in Singapore and it is accepted by all Ikea customers as they understood it as a cost saving method through education by Ikea to the customer on their catalogues.* Ikea adopted different marketing communication strategy from the rest of its competitors. rather of choosing to advertise every weekend in the newspaper to reach out to consumer, which is the norm of most of the popular furniture stores in Singapore, Ikea main communication strategy lies in the complimentary catalogue mail to every household in Singapore annually. This allowed customer to read the catalogue at the comfort of their home. Furthermore, the dimensions of the furnitures are indicates in the catalogue that allowed the customer to measure up their place for the furniture and come up with a systematic shopping list. Thus, the catalogue is the best way to tog up the customer for a visit to Ikea compare to newspaper advertisement used by other competitors.* Ikea provides child care services and supervised play area in their outlets to ensure parents can focus on their shopping in Ikea store without having any worries for their children.* In-store restaurant (Rare among furniture stores), Burger King as in the baptistry of Singapore, offer a chance for shoppers to take meal breaks without the hassle of leaving the store.SummaryThe cost leadership strategy adopted by Ikea allows it to set good-natured price for their product compare to other competitors in the same industry. By setting attractive price, it also reduces the price sensitivity of th e consumer. The cost advantage is achieved by Ikea through tight cost control and production efficiencies. The differentiation strategy approach such as the Ikea catalogue, in-store restaurant, the incorporation of customer in the value chain and providing of child care services undertaken by Ikea helps to create a highly differentiated picture of Ikea in the targetmarkets mind. Ikea through successfully integrating cost leadership and differentiation strategy had become one of the most successful international furniture retailers.

Studying Mangroves

Water temperature was measured using a thermometer. The pH was determined using a pH meter, and salinity was measured using the handheld TOGA refractors. mangrove Damage and Recovery Assessment The methods employed In this study were based from Roth (1992) and Taylor et al. (2013) with some modifications. In the island of Butting, seven 100 mm plots were established. The plots established were based on the vegetation types present. L. Species Composition All mangroves rooted within the plots were recorded and Identified In slut. The Handbook of Mangroves in the Filipinos Panky by Primeval et al. 004) and Field Guide to Philippine Mangroves also by Primeval (2009) were used as principal resources in identifying the species. Mangroves were categorized into three trees, saplings, and seedlings. For Individuals having greater than or equal to 2. 5 CM chuck (girth at breast height, or 1. 3 m above ground level), they were categorized as trees. GHB (CM) of each tree was measured using a measuring tape. For forking or branching stems, measurement was done separately. For the seedlings and saplings, they were only identified and counted.Other observations, such as debris and abstract type, were also noted. II. Recovery Typhoon Impacts on the areas were recorded. Trees wealth the plots were Judged as dead or alive, and assigned to one of three structural impact categories standing, fallen, or snapped. The approximate height of breakage for snapped trees was also whether hygienic reformatted, poorly reformatted, or dead were recorded. Ill. Regenerative Capacity In assessing the regenerative capacity, the number of seedlings and saplings were monitored every month from February until April 2014. Live and dead plants were noted. Data AnalysesThe forest vegetation was evaluated using the chase formula expound by Croton teal in 1984. Density was measured species wise and total in each plot as follows Total density of all species = sum of all species densities (2) baseb orn area was measured species wise and total in each plot as follows Basal area (mm) of each species = 0. 005 x DAB (7) Importance value of a species = relative density + relative dominance + relative frequency Species diversity was described according to the Shannon index (H) based on importance value of a species (N) and sum of importance value for all the species (N). H = nun log NUN (10)

Notes on A Constable Calls by Seamas Heaney Essay

Seamus Heaney tells us about a memory from his childhood. A policeman visits his family levy to take a record of the crops that Heaneys father is growing. The description of the bicycle is our first indication that the policeman is not incurd and that he is seen -by Heaney at least as an intimidating, unpleasant figure. Everything in the description of the bike hints at this. The fat black handlegrips sound ugly and unpleasant, and seem to suggest that the bicycles owner major power be similarly unappealing. The dynamo is cockedback, reminding us of the trigger of a gun. The pedals are relieved / Of the boot of the law, implying that the constable is a man whose presence causes pressure and discomfort. He represents the law and is therefore disliked. At that time in Northern Ireland, most Catholics would have viewed the police as an oppressive force. The descriptions of the constable reinforce that melodic theme.The harsh k and g sounds in the opening stanzas emphasise the harshn ess of the authority the constable represents and they also create a sense of tension. It is clear that the constable is not welcome in the Heaney home. His hat is on the floor nobody has taken it from him or offered him a place to put it. Again, the physical description of the constable focuses on unprepossessing aspects of his appearance. His hair is slightly sweating and marked by the cap he has been wearing. The idea of his oppressive presence is again picked up by the reference to the ledger (record book) being heavy. The young Heaney is filled with fear as he watches the constable. He stares at his gun and remembers every detail of it in its holster. The tone of the numbers is one of fear. Meanwhile, the constable continues to record the familys crops. Heaneys father answers the constables questions with curt, one word replies, showing how unwelcome both(prenominal) he and his interrogation are.The young boy is terrified to hear his father lying about the crops. He knows t hat there is a line of turnips which his father has not admitted to, and in his horrified imagination, he sees his father and maybe even himself being taken to the barracks and thrown in a cell. The constable takes his leave, putting the ledger away. Heaney refers to it as the domesday book because he is so terrified that his father will be judged and punished for hislittle lie about the turnips. This name for the ledger also reinforces the idea of the constable belonging to an oppressive force which holds the threat of violence over people like Heaneys father. Of course, the young boy is grossly exaggerating the policemans power in this instance. To a small child, the lie about the turnips seems enormous, but in reality, nobody would be thrown in jail for such a minor offence, even if it were to be discovered. However, young Heaneys emotions towards the constable reflect his fathers dislike and resentment of being held to account for his crops.The constable looks at the young boy a nd says goodbye. This reminds us that the constable is, in reality, righteous a man. This is the only instance of his humanity. It is not likely that he wishes to appear arduous or intimidating, but that is how he is viewed by the Catholic community. He is seen as a representative of an unwelcome, despised, oppressive authority. Outside the window, the constable is for a moment just a shadow. There is something shadowy about the descriptions of him throughout the poem. We never learn any details about him as a person what we learn of him is base on the images of menace and threat.

Visual Analysis

Visual Analysis of arbitrate range of a functions Though a optic may be analysed in worldly concerny panaches, of late a traffic pattern has been established to study under Six major schools of thought. 1. The personal berth deals with an emotional proceedsive opinion. What do I think of the evince. Its the first response or first thought that crosses your principal on viewing the picture. It bears personal bias and prejudices. 2. The historical posture overhauls to determine the importance of the work ground on the time period that it was created in. When was this created?What was the neighborly setup at that period of time? 3. The technical sight tries to draw a relation b/w the medium and the mental purpose. What medium has been designd to create the sum? How has the creator expressed himself through the medium chosen. 4. The ethical perspective looks at the moral and ethical responsibilities of the artist. What argon the moral responsibilities of the creator? I s his portrayal of the scene ethical? 5. The cultural perspective relates the symbols used in the image to the society. What symbols has the creator used?What is the message conveyed by them? 6. The critical perspective is a rational conclusion that the viewer draws from the image. It is a personal re consummation though free of bias and prejudice. What adopt I concluded aft(prenominal) critically analyzing the picture? How disparate was my first opinion from the second? Aim of Critical analysis A producer of messages moldiness remove an recording(a) of the culture of the audience and use symbols that be comprehensible by them. It helps a viewer understand, interpret and appreciate art. List all theObjects andElements 1 must nonice all the butts and divisors in the picture and draw a distinction among the almost central and the less authoritative. The placements of elements gives a hotshot of movement within the picture hence the positioning of objects must be noned . Centre, left, unspoiled, top and bottom. Shadows and dismounting propose what part is in focus and give a scent out of reason. The location helps in interpretation of the message. one must categorize the purpose as news, art, personal, or any new(prenominal). The List 4 girls peeing nonagenarian building Small boys Road The Composition Placement of Objects Foreground Girls in centre Background Water + Kids (left) playing Background Brightly lit Building on the right Background High wrinkle / Darker building behind the boys The girls in the centre be the subject of the picture. The weewee in the background affectms to be coming from a nearby hose pipe or fire wiretap. The girls seem drenched in water. One raft see small boys settle down playing in the water in the background. speculate visual cues Shadows and vigilanting Illuminated building on right hand side Light bloodline is in front of the girls at an angle above them Building behind the boys is in s hady regionThe light and shadow suggests its little after 1500 hours. It sets the mood of summer and playful indulgence of dupes by souse themselves. There is a sense of innocence. Study visual cues colorize Objective- perception of illusion & its char coiffureeristics Comparative- association of colour with objects, events, emotions Subjective- E in truth diametrical colour has different associations in different cultures and societies. The girls dark complexion. The light notes purposeless suggests summer season. The dark shades suggests old and shanty town. Form The triangle shape of the girls is a alive(p) shape. ts base gives a sense of stability. They are to a fault in a root and seem deprivation a whole unit. The buildings give a sense of serenity and form the base for the girls that seem in front of it. Eight discernment Cues Many representational visual texts give a rattling strong olfaction of judgment despite the fact that they are keyed on flat step to the fores that insufficiency any insight. In trying to depict depth, on that point are several restrictions on the techniques that an artist give the gate use. First, most visual texts, exchangeable paintings, drawings, illustrations, and snatchs, are savorless.There is no actual depth in the artistic creation so unmatched must understand, at least intuitively, what information is in the environment that allow us to perceive depth. These sources of information are comm wholly called depth or distance cues. A consequence of the devil-dimensional nature of painting and pictures is that we omit all the depth information that serves from the fact that we have two look. These binocular, or two-eye, depth cues require unfeigned depth and thus we for vanquish not discuss them in context with conventional visual texts. For example, there is the binocular depth cue called disparity.Disparity arises from the fact that our two eyes have a slightly different view of the world. To allow you to see disparity requires either real depth or two images genuine as if from different positions like our eyes. The artist, in trying to paint or draw, is, therefore, limited to depth cues that (a) posit no more than one eye to work, and (b) do not require a moving world. as luck would have it there are a collection of such depth cues, a subset of monocular cues called pictorial cues by whatever authors (Goldstein, 1989). 1. Interposition 2. Space 3. advance 4. Colour 5. Lighting 6. Textural gradient 7. while 8. place 1. Interposition The first depth cue to be discussed here is intervention which is the partial cube of a more irrelevant object by a warm object. business line how the the building is blocked by the girls. In fact, if you notice the kid behind the girls on your right is partially blocking the building too. But, it is the girls who land up blocking him too. thereof creating an illusion as to what is in the background and what is in the front. It is the interposition, overlap, that causes the sense of depth to arise. Usually the impression of depth caused by interposition alone is not very strong.Notice the foreground figures of two girls with partially blocked figures of other two taking a shote ride, which are all that are important for our present purposes. hither relation back size and even congener bill play little role in prominent the depth order of the various figures (all the figures are any(prenominal) the same level and same size). Shadowing plays an important role in giving from a fleck one of the figures their sense of three-dimensionality, but to tell who is in what position relative to another, the principle cue is interposition. 2. Space Space is the frame in which an image is located.With a natural scene, the blank billet depends on how adjacent you are to the subject. Standing in an open field gives the feeling of a deep get of space and enhances the feeling of depth. If an object is close to the eyes, depth perception is limited. Distance is cerebrate to space and helps in our perception of depth. There is a mount of space behind the girls suggesting they are far from the buildings. The water is in the background and the wet girls suggest they had been in the water previously. 3. Size Size can help create the illusion of the depth perception if the viewer is aware of the objects actual size.A big jet seen from a distance is a small bird sized object. If approximatelyone has no mentation what the jumbo jets are, then the viewer does not react to this depth cue. Likewise, in this photograph we can scene average size (both tip and size) and average size of two storied building in the background we become aware of the depth (both in terms of space and distance) mingled with the girls (foreground) and the building (background). Size, consequently, is closely related to our ability to determine an objects distance. Distance is related to space and helps in our pe rception of depth. Size also is related to scale and mental attention.Without knowing an objects size, we have to view it attached to an object of known size in order to determine its size. 4. Colour Correct interpretation of colour, and oddly lighting cues, allows the beholder to determine the shape of objects, and thus their arrangement in space. The colour of distant objects is also shifted towards the blue end of the spectrum. (e. g. distant mountains. ) Painters, notably Cezanne, employ warm pigments (red, yellow and orange) to bring features forward towards the viewer, and poise ones (blue, violet, and blue-green) to indicate the part of a form that curves a panache from the picture plane.High contrast pictures with great differences between light and dark tones seem closer than objects with more neutral tones colour. 5. Lighting The exact shape and description of the shadows changes depending on the direction of the light. There are certain general rules active shadows. F irst, in a place with only one source of light, e. g. outside, the shadows from all the objects in the area all go in the same direction. As a corollary of this rule, it is certainly true for all natural lights, and for most artificial lights, that the light comes from above to rough degree.We do not usually experience getting illuminated from the floor. Second, for a solid object gummy up the side of the object in shadow is the side international from the light but for a hole in the ground, the shadow is on the side near the light. Shadow can play a very powerful role in defining form by giving the object a three-dimensional feel as in the title to this page. In addition, artists can take good good of shadow to define form by highlighting how different portions of an object are at different depths and herefore the object closer to the light will cast a shadow on the more distant object. Shadow can play a considerableer role in defining depth between objects since objects that are in shadow must be farther from the light than objects that are not in shadow. Differences in light intensities can communicate depth. Carefully crafted lighting design provides subjects separation from background. If ignitor level of the back light is slightly high than the lights in front then this separation is more distinct. However, no backlight has been used in this photograph.Yet, the prevalence of shadows (largely in mid-space of the picture plane and the shows of the subject indicate subjects volume and provides the viewer with reasonable illusion of depth perspective. 6. Textural gradient Related in a sense to relative size but a depth cue in its own right is what has been termed texture gradient. Most draw closes, such as ramparts and roads and a field of flowers in bloom, have a texture. As the surface gets farther away from us this texture gets finer and appears smoother (Gibson, 1950). A surface or field that recedes in depth has a texture that gets finer.That is very different from a wall where the surface is approximately the same distance from a person at all points. For example, imagine yourself standing and staring at a brick wall which, instead of receding in depth like a cobblestone road, rises up in front of you. Here the texture, in this case the brick alternating with the mortar, will have about the same roughness all over the surface and provide a clue that the surface does not recede in depth. In addition, texture may play a role in helping us determine the size of an object.Regardless of how far an object is away from us, it covers roughly the same amount of surface, and thus texture, which can help us determine the actual size of an object (Gibson, 1950). 7. Time Time and space are intricately related concepts that find expression in visual messages. In one sense, time as a depth cue refers to the first element a viewer sees in a frame. That picture will be in the foreground of the viewers mind, with other images seen after in the background. 8. side It is a complex depth perception cue due to cultural constituent which comes into play each time we try to interpret depth.However, location, in the context of vision and visual perception, is the way in which objects appear to the eye based on their spatial attributes, or their dimensions and the position of the eye relative to the objects. As objects become more distant, they appear smaller, because their angular diameter (visual angle) decreases. placement is also seen in the way the parallel lines of how railway tracks appear to be meeting at a distant point (the vanishing point) on the horizon. When used in this sense, the horizon is always at the level of the viewers eye.Because the Earth is round, the true horizon (the line dividing the surface and the sky) is lower than this level. The difference is imperceptibly small when standing on the surface, but noticeable from great height (a person standing on a mountain can see further than someone at g round level). According to Evelyn Hatcher, there are three major forms of perspective which she details in her news Visual Metaphors A Methodological Study in Visual Communication. These are as follows Illusionary Perspective An illusionary perspective can be achieved through size, colour, lighting, interposition, and linear perspective.When you stand on a railway system track and look down the ties, the steel rails seem to converge into a single area, or vanishing point, in the distance. This trait of parallel lines when seen at a distance is called linear perspective. This aspect of illusionary perspective that provides the illusion of three dimensional depth in a painting or a photograph is what artists were trying to duplicate with the aid of Leonardo box and camera obscura. Geometrical Perspective In geometric perspective the artist shows near figures in the lower portion of the picture and objects farther away higher in the frame on a vertical line above the near object.Thi s type of perspective is common among traditional Japanese and Mayan artwork. Children often exhibit this type of perspective in their drawings. Conceptual Perspective Conceptual perspective is compositional trait that relies on a more symbolic definition of depth perception than the other types of perspective. It can be divided into two types multi-view and social. With the multi-view perspective, a viewer can see many different sides of an object at the same time. The picture is often an X-ray, or transparent, view of the object. upright objects overlap far objects only by the outside edges or lines that make up their shapes.Pablo Picasso liked to use this type of perspective. In social perspective the most important person in a group picture, a government or corporate leader, is larger in size than other, less important flock. A viewer often assumes power relationships because of social perspective. In a picture of a couple the mans dominance over the char often is signified b y the man being nearer and larger in the frame with his hand resting on or arm wrapped around the womans shoulder. Over the past three decades, the feminist movement has made advertisers and others more sensitive to sign-language(a) negative stereotypes such as these. Depth 8 Depth cues 1. Interposition 2. Space 3. Size 4. Colour 5. Lighting 6. Textural gradient 7. Time 8. Perspective Many representational visual texts give a very strong feeling of depth despite the fact that they are painted on flat surfaces that lack any depth. In trying to depict depth, there are several restrictions on the techniques that an artist can use. First, most visual texts, like paintings, drawings, illustrations, and photographs, are two-dimensional. There is no actual depth in the artwork so one must understand, at least intuitively, what information is in the environment that allow us to perceive depth.These sources of information are commonly called depth or distance cues. A consequence of the two- dimensional nature of painting and pictures is that we lose all the depth information that comes from the fact that we have two eyes. These binocular, or two-eye, depth cues require true depth and thus we will not discuss them in context with conventional visual texts. For example, there is the binocular depth cue called disparity. Disparity arises from the fact that our two eyes have a slightly different view of the world.To allow you to see disparity requires either real depth or two images developed as if from different positions like our eyes. The artist, in trying to paint or draw, is, therefore, limited to depth cues that (a) exact no more than one eye to work, and (b) do not require a moving world. Fortunately there are a collection of such depth cues, a subset of monocular cues called pictorial cues by some authors (Goldstein, 1989). The first depth cue to be discussed here is interposition which is the partial blocking of a more distant object by a nearer object. Note how the the building is blocked by the girls.Infact, if you notice the kid behind the girls on your right is partially blocking the building too. But, it is the girls who land up blocking him too. Thus creating an illusion as to what is in the background and what is in the front. It is the interposition, overlap, that causes the sense of depth to arise. Usually the impression of depth caused by interposition alone is not very strong. Notice the foreground figures of two girls with partially blocked figures of other two taking a piggy ride, which are all that are important for our present purposes.Here relative size and even relative height play little role in giving the depth order of the various figures (all the figures are roughly the same level and same size). Shadowing plays an important role in giving each of the figures their sense of three-dimensionality, but to tell who is in what position relative to another, the principle cue is interposition. There is a lot of space behind th e girls suggesting they are far from the buildings. The water is in the background and the wet girls suggest they had been in the water previously. Movement The girls have moved fro near the water to the position they are in now.Where was the picture made? What do u think was its purpose? * The picture seems to be clicked in some Afro-American suburb. * It could have been taken to accompany a feature article on the summer heat energy. Personal Perspective * What do I think of the visual? * Omniphasism All in Balance * Rick Williams philosopher, photographer educator at the University of Oregon * Theory that combines the rational and intuitive aspects of the mind. Omniphasism was thought of by Rick Williams, a philosopher, photographer, and educator at the University of Oregon develop the theory Omniphasism.Its a theory that attempts to combine the rational and intuitive aspects of the mind into a balanced whole. William uses 8 steps for analyzing a visual message, using his Omn iphasism tech called a personal Impact sagacity What is my first emotional response to the visual? Do I like it? Dislike it? How do I feel about the image? Its a picture of teenage girls who have erect played in water. Its pleasant to look at. Personal Impact Assessment crack of the idea of going from primary haggle to associatory words to significant words is to move away from Literal interpretation of the photo to a symbolic understanding of it. Rich Williams Personal Impact Assessment 8 Steps 1. express time with the image 2. List Primary wrangling 3. List associative words 4. Select the most important associative words 5. Pair primary and associative words 6. Relate each pair to yourself 7. Review your inner symbolism 8. Write a recital Take time with the Image * Does the story Stimulate or Alienate? Its an isolated moment that rests on composition. * What is the story or message? Some girls played in the water to beat the heat. List Primary Words * Visual Cues * Object s * Feelings Primary words * Group of 4 girls * Water * Sun senile buildings * Light shade clothes List Associative Words Observe each primary word and link it to your thought. One must write down all words that come to ones mind on reading each of the primary words. Associative words * Group of 4 girls happy, wet, Afro American * WaterHose pipe, Fire hydrant * SunSummer, heat, daytime * Old buildings sorry neighbourhood * Happy cool, relaxed Select the most important associative words Among the associative words one word would be closest to its primary word emphasize or select that word. This is the most important associative word.Choose one word out of the associative words for each primary word. Pair Primary and Associative words Write the primary and most important associative word together. * Group of 4 girls Afro American * WaterFire hydrant * SunSummer-heat * Old buildingspoor neighbourhood * Happy cool Relate each pair to Yourself Make note of the thoughts that come to you r mind on viewing each pair of words. What does each pair suggest? * Group of 4 girls Afro americanpoor * WaterFire hydrantwet, sultry * SunSummer-heat scorcher * Old buildingspoor neighborhood unaffordability of luxury * Happy coolrelief Review your Inner Symbolism See if the conclusions pull from the pairs link to any conflict, event, emotion, value or feeling. * List inner conflicts, emotions, values or feelings The summer heat is hard to bear . Water is natures boon to mankind Write a story Add up all your thoughts and write a summary or a story. What is the story in the image? A group of Afro-American girls decide to cool of in the summer heat by playing with some water from a fire hydrant. Historical Perspective * When do you think was the image made? In the 1980s or after. Is there a specific style that the image imitates? The historical perspective helps to understand current trends in terms of their roots in technology and philosophies of the past. Where did the image come from? What was the setup at that time? What is the background of the image? these questions help us to infer meanings. Technical Perspective One can evaluate the production techniques. Has the producer used the technology at hand to its best in generating the message? Has it aided in delivering the message as intended effectively. * What medium has been used? film * What techniques were employed?A street shot clicked without the subject noticing it been taken * How was it produced? With an SLR camera * Is it of good quality? yes (look at grain size, gama, composition, content, shutter speed etc. ) Ethical Perspective This is the moral and ethical analysis of the visual. It applies to both the viewer and the producer of the visual. Categorical Imperative * Immanuel Kant, German philosopher from the east principality of KOnisberg 18th Century * Categorical (unconditional / without exception) * aright is Right * Do your duty The right thing must be done under even the most extreme co nditions.Once a rule is established for a proposed action or idea, behavior and actions must be consistently applied and always in accordance with it. One does his/ her duty. In the ethics of the 18th-century German philosopher Immanuel Kant, violate of critical philosophy, a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not depend on any ulterior motive or end. Thou shalt not steal, for example, is categorical as distinct from the hypothetical imperatives associated with desire, such as Do not steal if you want to be popular. For Kant there was only one such categorical imperative, which he formulated in various ways. Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law is a purely formal or logical command and expresses the condition of the rationality of conduct rather than that of its morality, which is expressed in another Kantian formula So act as to treat humanity, whe ther in your own person or in another, always as an end, and never as only a means. Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill (British Philosophers) * Belief The greatest good for the greatest number of plenty * Analysis of the consequence Outcome must do good to most people In ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th- and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill that an action is right if it tends to boost happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happinessnot just the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it.Utilitarianism is an effort to provide an answer to the practical question What ought a man to do? Its answer is that he ought to act so as to produce the best consequences possible. Eg A gruesome image must be published or printed only if it would evoke a controlling reaction in maximum of the viewers. Hedonism Hedonism is the philosophy that pleasure is of ultimate importance, the most important pursuit. The name derives from the Hellenic word for delight. * A student of Socrates, Aristippus founded this ethical philosophy on the backside of pleasure. Aristippus believed that people should act to maximize pleasure now and not worry about the future. * He referred to intellectual pleasure not physical. * Pleasures of the mind * I Possess I am not Possessed * Aesthetic pleasure that we get out of a picture palmy Mean(Finding a compromise b/w the two extreme points of an action or view. In philosophy, especially that of Aristotle, the golden mean is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. To the Greek mentality, it was an attribute of beauty.Both ancients and moderns realized that there is a close association in mathematics between beauty and truth. The poet John Keats, in his Ode on a Grecian Urn, put it this way Beauty is truth, truth beauty, that is all Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know. The Greeks believed there to be three concomitants of beauty symmetry, proportion, and harmony. This triad of principles infused their life. They were very much attuned to beauty as an object of love and something that was to be imitated and reproduced in their lives, architecture, Paideia and political science.They judged life by this mentality. Golden Rule * Love your neighbor as yourself * Be humane do not harm others by your actions The Golden Rule which stems from ethic of reciprocality is a fundamental moral value which refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties, and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that ones rights are the others obligation. In essence, it is an ethical code that states one has a right to just treatment, and a responsibility to ensure justice for others.Reciprocity is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights, though it is not without its critics. Many assign the imperative commandment of Golden Rule as instruction for a positive only form of reciprocity. A key element of the golden rule is that a person attempting to live by this rule treats all people, not just members of his or her in-group with consideration. The golden rule, with roots in a wide range of world cultures, is well desirable to be a standard to which different cultures could appeal in resolving conflicts.Principal philosophers and religious figures have declared it in different ways. Veil of Ignorance John Rawls (1971) Put the shoe on the other foot. * All people are equal * Eliminating all prejudice and discrimination The original position is a hypothetical federal agency developed by American philosopher John Rawls as a thought experiment to replace the imagery of a savage state of nature of prior political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes. In social contract theory, persons in the state of nature agree to the provisions of a contract that defines the basic rights and duties of citizens in a civil society.In Rawlss theory, Justice as Fairness, the original position plays the role that the state of nature does in the classical social contract tradition of Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke. The original position figures prominently in his book, A Theory of Justice, and it is one of the most influential ideas in twentieth-century philosophy. It has influenced a variety of thinkers from a broad spectrum of philosophical orientations.As a thought experiment, the original position is a hypothetical designed to accurately take a hop what principles of justice would be manifest in a society premised on free and fair cooperation between citizens, including respect for liberty, and an interest in reciprocity. Questions to be asked while analysing a visual from Ethical / Moral Perspective as per Dr Demi Elliot Poynter Jamison, chair, Media Ethics & Press Policy at the University of South Florida at St. Petersberg. 1. Does the taking and pageantrying of the picture become the social responsibility of the professional involved? 2.Has any ones rights been violated in taking and displaying the picture? 3. Does the display of the image meet the needs of the viewer? 4. Is the picture aesthetically appealing? 5. Does the picture choice fall moderation? 6. Does the professional choice reflect empathy for the subjects experience? 7. Could a professional justify the choice if he/she didnt know which of the parties (subject, shooter or viewer) he/ she would turn out to be? 8. Does the visual Image cause unjustified harm Cultural Perspective * Identify the Symbols used, and * Determine their Meaning for the society as a whole. What is the story and the symbolism involved with the elements in the visual message? * What do they say about current cultural values? (It is related to the semiotic process) The story revolves around the Afro-American people in the United States of America. Historically, the country has b een dominated by a settler society of religiously and ethnically divers(prenominal) Whites. The heaviest burdens of racialism in the country have fallen upon Native Americans, Asian Americans, African Americans, Latin Americans and some other immigrant groups and their descendants.Major racially structured institutions include slavery, Indian reservations, segregation, residential schools (for Native Americans), and internment camps. Racial stratification has occurred in employment, housing, education and government. Formal racial discrimination was largely banned in the mid-20th century, and it came to be perceive as socially unacceptable and/or morally repugnant as well, yet racial politics remain a major phenomenon as witnessed during the 44th Presidential Elections. Racist attitudes, or prejudice, are still held by moderate portions of the U. S population.Members of every American ethnic group have perceived racism in their dealings with other groups. Critical Perspective An analysis of a visual to arrive at a Rational, Objective and Thoughtful shutdown. What is my final opinion about the picture? How does my current view differ from the previous? Conclusion Analysis is ego-driven. The main thing is that it always reveals the person making the analysis not really the piece itself? David Lodge Its a cyclic process. You will find below four images. You may take over a visual analysis, based on what you have learnt so far